DIMENSI: Journal of Architecture and Built Environment
DIMENSI: Journal of Architecture and Built Environment (p-ISSN 0126-219X, e-ISSN 2338-7858) is a SCOPUS-indexed, peer-reviewed journal devoted to the applications of architecture theory, sustainable built environment, architectural history, urban design and planning, as well as building structure. We accept National and International original research articles. The manuscript will be reviewed by two independent National or International advisory boards who are in their expert field. DIMENSI is published, twice a year, in July and December, by the Institute for Research and Community Services, Petra Christian University, Surabaya-Indonesia. DIMENSI will be distributed to other universities, research centers, and National or International advisory board as well as to regular subscribers. Starting June 2026, DIMENSI has been listed in SCOPUS. The latest Indonesian Accreditation is Sinta 2, as listed in Indonesia's National Journal Accreditation result No. 10/C/C3/DT.05.00/2025, dated March 21, 2025, valid for 5 (five) years. JOURNAL STATISTICS Handling time | 26% Acceptance rate (2025) | 30 days Time to 1st decision | | 169 days Submission to accept | 77 days Submission to reject |
Institute of Research and Community Outreach, Petra Christian University, Indonesia
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
The Resilience of Traditional Indonesian Architecture
The rapid rise of modern lifestyles and technologies, along with disturbances to natural imbalances, has threatened the resilience of traditional architecture worldwide, including Indonesia. While some communities embrace modern structures as symbols of contemporary life, others adapt traditional buildings to changing needs while maintaining cultural identity. This study examines the resilience of Indonesian traditional architecture through a systematic review of 40 cases taken from existing research articles. It applies a resilience framework for the data analysis to reveal the extent to which the architecture responds to current changes and imbalances. Findings show two tendencies: modernisation drives changes in materials, layouts, and functions, while enduring connections to climate, spatial logic, and cultural principles. Adaptations range from substantial modifications that retain structural and functional integrity to superficial applications of traditional ornamentation on modernised buildings. Although a few cases fail to adapt, most demonstrate adaptive resilience, maintaining both function and cultural meaning.
Copyright (c) 2026 DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment)
The Amahami Floating Mosque in Bima, Indonesia was analyzed as an example of resiliency in multi-dimensional adaptation through architecture and how this type of approach may provide a future path forward for sustainability, durability and efficiency with respect to modern mosque architecture influenced by local contexts. This research demonstrates three overall areas of essential integrative adaptation: social, spatial and environmental. With regards to social adaptation, the study emphasized the importance of community involvement beyond that of worship in order to preserve the identity of Bima as an architectural region; with spatial adaptation, the Muslim community incorporated the floating structure of the mosque into their site conditions as well as optimizing waterfront usage; and with environmental adaptation, the design of the mosque incorporated modular construction and structure to maximize the efficiency of material usage as well as to enhance natural light quality and ventilation. In conclusion, using these three integrative adaptations enables the mosque to be viewed as a resilient architectural prototype that links heritage with sustainability in an effort to promote adaptive design. While adaptive architecture is not limited to mosques serving only as places of worship, the results from this study suggest that there exists an opportunity to combine urban planning, eco-awareness and long-term resiliency.
Application of AI in Urban Design Education
This paper explores the transformative potential of AI in urban design studios through a case study where 28 master's students were tasked with simulating an urban design plan for Nusantara - Indonesia's new capital city. The studio was designed to allow students to engage with each phase of the urban design process using manual techniques, AI-driven tools, or a combination of both, creating a comparative framework to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of AI in each stage. The goal of this research is to investigate how AI-augmented instruments are being used in educational settings, particularly in creative design courses, and to assess the potential advancements that these tools may offer to the subject. The research further intends to analyse how AI tools affect students' design thinking and technical abilities, leading to strategic recommendations for successfully incorporating these technologies into design education while keep adhering to the ethical guidelines in academic works.
Exploring the Spatial Potential of Loose Space as Urban Pores in Tunjungan Street
The phenomenon of urban canyons, characterized by narrow street corridors flanked by dense vertical building masses, has emerged in many city centers, including the Tunjungan (CBD) in Surabaya, resulting in a decline in environmental quality and pedestrian comfort. This study aims to explore the spatial potential of loose spaces, defined as remaining or underutilized urban spaces, as potential urban pores in the context of dense urban canyons. A descriptive qualitative approach was used through direct field observations and visual documentation. Six loose space locations along the Tunjungan corridor were selected and analyzed using six qualitative parameters derived from the theory of loose spaces and urban porosity, adapted to local conditions. The findings indicate that several loose spaces possess spatial characteristics that indicate ecological and social potential, particularly in relation to spatial openness and opportunities for social interaction. This study positions loose spaces as an initial spatial resource that can inform future urban strategies that help address urban canyon conditions in urban areas.
Passive Design Strategies in Bolon House through Activity Pattern and Wind Environment
In the Bolon house, a traditional Toba Batak vernacular architecture, the spatial layout is organized according to cultural meanings assigned to each zone, reflecting the social structure and adapting to the regional climate through passive strategies. Since scientific verification of such a principle remains limited, this research evaluates the thermal comfort within the Bolon house, focusing on the relationship between wind environment and local activity patterns. Firstly, the routine activities of residents were recorded and categorized into the activity pattern. Secondly, the thermal comfort range was calculated using the CBE Tool for two representative seasonal dates, while wind environments were analyzed through CFD simulations. Findings show that wind speeds are generally low, with a slight increase in the western rear zone due to the prevailing East wind. Nevertheless, indoor comfort is maintained during most activities, particularly in the central communal zone, which consistently provides the most suitable conditions for daily life.
Evaluating Biophilic Architecture Patterns in Urban Parks for Enhancing Quality of Life
Urban parks shape everyday experiences in cities, especially where tourism drives local activity. This study explores how visitors interpret their well-being in relation to the biophilic design features of Batu City Square, East Java. Five quality-of-life dimensions and fourteen biophilic patterns were assessed through structured visual observations and a perception survey (n = 36), then analyzed using Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA). Field observations showed that biophilic cues appear across most spatial elements, suggesting that natural characteristics are embedded into the square’s layout rather than functioning merely as decorative additions. Physical freshness (0.27) was the strongest well-being dimension, while social intimacy (0.13) was the weakest, indicating that the square supports individual comfort more consistently than social interaction. The IPA results revealed an even distribution between attributes regarded as strengths and those considered lower priorities, reflecting visitors’ tendency to value comfort-related features more than symbolic or ecological cues.
Copyright (c) 2025 DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment)
This research examines urban spatial and cultural identity in Semarapura, the former capital of Klungkung Regency, Bali, through the lens of resilient urbanism. It has three objectives of research to reach: (1) identifying some cultural and design key-elements referring to Balinese spatial philosophy; (2) investigating the breaking points in spaces and tensions due to the pressures of modernization; (3) suggesting a hybrid framework for identities that maintain continuity but also flexibility in spaces. A qualitative approach was used, based on fieldwork observations, semi-structured interviews with local actors (n = 30), and document analysis of planning tools and historical maps. The analytic tools were urban morphological mapping, thematic content analysis, and a comparative matrix of traditional and modern spatial intersections. It shows the persistence of symbolic structures (Catuspatha, Tri Mandala zoning, and Bale Banjar), residing in spatial memory and urban form. But a myriad of challenges, such as commercial overreach, scattered signage, and lax regulation, have disrupted ceremonial routes and architectural harmony. Yet, community-generated innovations and adaptive design practices signal cultural resilience through the adoption of Asta Kosala Kosali in the home, green infrastructure harkening back to Tri Hita Karana, and mural revitalizations that act as performative identity tools. The research introduces a hybrid identity model guided by cultural logic and calls for policy change to ensure that both spatial-cultural indicators are considered in urban policies. The Semarapura case demonstrates that situational design and local action can work together to create liveable and sustainable cities in heritage cities of the Global South.
Evaluation of the Implementation of the Green Building Concept in Mid-Rise Buildings
This research looks into how Green Building principles are implemented to two medium-rise educational buildings placed in Yogyakarta: the Djarnawi Hadikusuma Building (E8) at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta and the Integrated Forest Farming Learning Center (IFFLC) at Universitas Gadjah Mada. Referring to the Greenship Existing Building guidelines version 1.1, the data collection process is carried out by using on the spot surveys, measuring indoor air quality (IAQ), and reviewing allied project documents, then assessed with SPSS and Monte Carlo simulations. The results of the study illustrate that the cumulative performance of both buildings is in the very good category (Index Score 4.58; Risk Index 0.42). The Indoor Health and Comfort (IHC) quality is the strongest performing category, while Water Conservation (WAC) and Material Resources and Cycle (MRC) still need further improvement. The indoor air quality analysis also pointed out that the UGM building needs enhancements in its ventilation system and VOC control, while UMY needs to sustain the regularity of its already well-running operational management. The risk analysis corroborates the significance of cohesive management to decrease potential inadequacies while making sure the comfort for people. The findings also deliver particular guidance on steps to improve sustainability performance in mid-rise educational buildings.
Performance of Coconut Waste Interior Panels in Reducing Particulate Matter and Moisture
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is a pressing issue in densely populated and poorly ventilated spaces, where pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, and excessive humidity contribute to health risks including Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). This study proposes a passive and sustainable solution through Coconut Waste Interior Panels (CWIP), made from a 50:50 mixture of activated coconut charcoal (CCAC) and coconut fiber, packaged in perforated wooden boxes. Experiments were conducted in a 27 m³ enclosed room with four scenarios: with/without CWIP and with/without fan circulation, using mosquito coil smoke as the pollutant source. The results showed a significant improvement in indoor air quality (IAQ), with CWIP reducing PM2.5 from 65.67 µg/m³ to 40.27 µg/m³ and PM10 from 82.73 µg/m³ to 49.93 µg/m³ (p < 0.001) without fan circulation. A moderate decrease was also observed with fan assistance. Humidity decreased significantly under static conditions. These findings highlight CWIP as an effective, electricity-free, and environmentally friendly alternative, supporting waste utilization and sustainable indoor air quality improvement in resource-limited and environmentally conscious settings.
This study examines the spatial differences between the cosmological orientations of Hindu-Buddhist temples and the evolving settlement patterns in Central Java. The focus of this research is on temples that are still considered sacred and actively used for religious rituals, such as Borobudur, Pawon, and Mendut (Buddhist), and Cetho and Sukuh (Hindu), which are closely linked to the settlement patterns of their surrounding areas. In comparison, the temples exhibit a symbolically directed orientation—generally toward the east, mountains, or sacred rivers—the surrounding settlement patterns now follow more pragmatic considerations such as accessibility, land economy, and tourism development. Methodologically, the study employs a qualitative-descriptive approach supported by Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial techniques using Google Earth. Azimuth analysis, overlay interpretation, and viewshed approximation are applied to examine temple orientations, settlement morphologies, and their symbolic relations to sacred topography. The concept of "social shift" is introduced to explain this gradual spatial deviation. This study strengthens the discourse on sacred landscape transformation. It offers an integrative heritage planning approach, taking into account the relationship between symbolic order and the spatial adaptation of modern society.
Annual Daylight Performance of Perforated Screen Facade in Loft Office in the Tropics
Implementing daylighting in office buildings offers energy savings and psychological and physiological benefits for occupants. One type of office currently developing in Indonesia is the loft office, which is characterized by a mezzanine floor, a high ceiling, and a fully glazed facade. Without adequate shading, buildings with fully glazed facades are at risk of excessive daylight exposure and glare issues. Perforated Screen Facade (PSF) is one of the shading devices that can reduce excessive daylight level and glare while still allowing daylight penetration. The research aim is to evaluate the annual daylight performance of PSF implementation with different perforation percentages in loft offices in the tropics. The research method is experimental and uses a radiance-based daylighting simulation. The useful daylight illuminance (UDI) and spatial disturbing glare (sDG) of a loft office with a fully glazed facade were compared to a loft office equipped with a PSF with different perforation percentages. The integration of a PSF reduces UDI excessive and sDG while improving UDI100-3000lx in areas near the glazed facade. Considering the importance of glare reduction in tropical climates, a loft office with a PSF perforation percentage of 20% was selected as the optimum configuration for annual daylight performance.
2D Radiometric Mapping of Chromatic Decay in Heritage Façades via Photogrammetric Atlases
Diagnosing early chromatic decay on tropical heritage façades is challenging because subtle discoloration is often masked by variable illumination and heterogeneous material properties. This study addresses that gap with two objectives: (1) to develop a radiometry-aware hybrid framework for chromatic decay detection, and (2) to validate its robustness across four heritage façades in Semarang, Indonesia. The methodology integrates 2D radiometrically normalized photogrammetric texture atlases, multi-space color and texture descriptors (HSV, CIELAB, GLCM, LBP), hierarchical spectral clustering, and Random Forest refinement with expert annotations. On 2,480 annotated tiles, the hybrid approach achieved aggregate micro-F1 ≈ 0.86 (per-site 0.84–0.87), surpassing cluster-only baselines (0.80) and RF-only models (0.82). Calibration with isotonic regression yielded Brier scores of 0.11–0.13 and Expected Calibration Error (ECE) ≈ 0.05–0.07. Statistical robustness was supported by site-stratified bootstrap and Wilcoxon tests. The resulting calibrated decay maps enable prioritized inspections, evidence-based conservation, and monitoring of tropical heritage assets.
Architecture as Programmatic Archive: Sustainable Conservation on Tunjungan Street History
This study presents a perspective where architecture can also designed as a model of archival representation in a historical urban space. It uses qualitative research-by-design and reflective architectural design methods, to consider Tunjungan Street's heritage as an exhibition space for contextual case for sustainable urban conservation through architectural thinking. The study identifies three principles: Movement as Program captures spatial movement to support walkability and more efficient use of resources; Heritage as Identity is about cultural character; and Urban Context as Sequence relates to social and ecological sustainability. Together, the principles structure design strategies that enable a reinterpretation of historical meaning-formally, in a material way—which represented progress for urban heritage interpretation through the lens of architectural programming. The study associated urban and sustainable growth to heritage design thinking through adaptive reuse, resilient heritage and socially engaged public places, making the case for the transformation of heritage design thinking as a model for the future. The study suggested a design-based model that positioned architectural programming as a strategic action for sustainable urban archiving, utilizing appropriation of exhibition strategies, and spatial sequencing as interpretations of the heritage of Tunjungan Street.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dimensi: Journal of Architecture and Built Environment
A Review: Exploring AI’s Role in Architecture: Redefining New Design Interactions
The use of artificial intelligence in architecture has had a significant impact on the profession, sparking debate about its potential to fully automate architectural work. However, there is limited research on the influence of AI across all phases of the architectural design process. This article aims to analyze the extent of AI’s impact on architecture and to identify potential future benefits and challenges. The phases of architectural work discussed include pre-design, schematic design, design development, construction documentation, negotiation, and construction observation. Through a systematic literature review, this study highlights the transformative impact of AI across all stages of architectural design, emphasizing emerging concepts of design interaction and their implications for the profession. The findings suggest that while AI cannot fully replace architects, it indicates a shift in their role by enhancing collaboration and work flexibility. Nonetheless, the study emphasizes the importance of strengthening architects’ technological competence in using AI tools to ensure their continued relevance in the future.
Factors Influencing Earthquake Resistance in Vernacular Architecture
Vernacular architecture in seismic-prone regions often reflects generations of knowledge embedded in local building practices. This knowledge contributes significantly to the earthquake resilience of traditional structures through context-specific design strategies and materials. This study presents a systematic literature review to identify the critical factors that influence the seismic resistance of vernacular buildings. A summative content analysis method was employed, emphasizing the elements that affect the seismic performance of these structures. The review identifies six key factors contributing to the earthquake resistance of vernacular buildings, categorized into two primary domains: explicit knowledge, which includes building typology, structural systems, construction methods, and building materials, and implicit knowledge, encompassing community involvement and risk management. The findings underscore the significance of local architectural knowledge as a fundamental basis for developing more effective and sustainable construction strategies to enhance earthquake resilience in earthquake-prone areas.
Cafés have often been used as informal learning spaces by Indonesian college students in recent years. However, as a public space, cafes are considered by several people as not suitable for learning activities that require a high level of concentration. This research aims to identify café spatial characteristics that can affect learning activities and students’ flow experience. Flow, as defined by Csikszentmihalyi (1990), refers to a state in which individuals engage in an activity with deep concentration, a sense of control, and intrinsic enjoyment, often accompanied by a loss of time awareness. The relationship between the state of flow and learning activities is also explored. The research uses a mixed-method approach. In the first stage, an exploratory qualitative study was conducted to indentify key spatial factors and patterns of student learning in cafés. In the second stage, an explanatory quantitative study was carried out, using closed-endded questions derived from the qualitative findings to test the realtionships between spatial characteristics, flow dimensions, and learning activities through factor analysis, regression, and correlation analysis. The analysis results show enjoyment as the dimension of flow experience students tend to encounter when studying in cafes. The findings implied that café spatial characteristics must stimulate positive emotions, prevent visual and audial distractions, and promote social interactions between learners to boost flow and smooth the learning activities.
Multisensory Comfort in Public Open Spaces
This study investigates comfort in public open spaces in Bandung by linking measured environmental conditions with visitor perceptions collected through questionnaires. Logistic regression was applied to model the relationship between the two data sets. The model achieved good discriminatory power for predicting comfort, with Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.752, accuracy of 0.679, precision of 0.884, and sensitivity of 0.686. Five parameters emerged as significant predictors of comfort: L90, relative humidity, DGI, wind speed, and temperature. Higher comfort is associated with lower values of L90, DGI, and temperature, while increasing relative humidity and wind speed improves comfort. These results confirm that overall comfort in outdoor urban environments arises from multisensory interactions. Understanding these interactions provides urban planners and architects with a practical basis for developing strategies to improve the quality and livability of public open spaces.
Criteria in Utilizing Engineered Wood in Residential Construction
The phenomenon of global warming continues to intensify, with the construction sector emerging as a significant contributor due to its extensive use of non-biomass materials, which are major sources of carbon emissions. In response, engineered wood has gained attention as a sustainable alternative, offering the potential to reduce emissions and sequester carbon. This study aims to explore public perceptions of engineered wood, focusing on how these perceptions shape preferences and interest in its application for residential construction. The study does not evaluate technical characteristics directly, but rather community interpretations of them. A mixed-methods approach was employed, beginning with qualitative research through online questionnaires that featured open-ended questions designed to capture homeowners and prospective buyers preferences. The responses were then analyzed using content analysis to identify emerging themes. In the second phase, quantitative research was conducted by distributing closed-question questionnaires informed by the findings from the initial phase. The data was analyzed using factor analysis, distribution analysis, and multivariate regression techniques. The study identified three key dimensions influencing material preferences: sustainability, material durability, and material performance. Additionally, three significant dimensions related to construction characteristics were uncovered: design appreciation, construction methods, and material availability. These findings provide valuable insights for the integration of engineered wood into residential construction, offering a pathway to more sustainable building practices.
BIM’s Role in Indonesia’s Green Buildings: Benefits, Challenges, and Stakeholder Preferences
Green building standards have become mandatory in Indonesia’s construction sector, driving environmental benefits while also adding complexity to the construction process. In response, the adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in green buildings has increased; however, its applications and impact are not yet fully understood within the industry. This study aims to identify the benefits and challenges of BIM in GB projects and analyze their impact on stakeholder interest using a mixed-methods approach. The qualitative phase identified 20 benefits and 19 challenges, followed by a quantitative analysis yielding 3 benefit and four challenge factors. Regression results show that “Improvement of Project Sustainability Performance” and “Ease of Construction Visualization” significantly drive stakeholder interest. These findings reinforce the BIM Fields theory, highlighting that BIM's value extends beyond technology to include critical process and policy elements, aligning well with the GreenBIM Triangle for real-world application. However, further analysis is needed to strengthen the findings and optimize the integration of process and policy considerations to enhance BIM adoption.
Utilization of Disposable Mask Waste and Coconut Fiber as an Acoustic Composite Material
This research aims to utilize disposable mask waste and coconut fiber as an acoustic composite material and identify its sound absorption characteristics. The method used in this research is an experiment to produce four samples with different non-woven polypropylene and coconut fiber composition. The samples went through multiple tests to identify its morphology, mass change in different temperatures, density, and sound absorption coefficient. The result of this research shows that these materials display sound absorption characteristics and can be applied for acoustic purposes. Acoustic material with 100% non-woven polypropylene displays the best sound absorber characteristics, especially for 500Hz frequency sound. However, acoustic material with composition of 90% non-woven polypropylene and 10% coconut fiber shows a better sound absorption coefficient in 2000Hz frequency.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dimensi: Journal of Architecture and Built Environment
Reduce CO2 Emissions Using Double Skin Façade in Smart & Green Learning Center UGM Promoting Sustainable Building
The Smart & Green Learning Center is a tower building that offers coworking spaces on both its east and west sides. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of a double skin façade on heat generation and CO2 gas emissions in co-working spaces. To achieve this, the IES Virtual Environment software simulation method was employed. The monthly average heat gain without the use of a double skin façade ranged from 19 to 21.9 MWh, while the same metric with a double skin façade was between 14.1 and 16.1 MWh. This resulted in a decrease of 4.9 MWh (25.79%) for the lowest monthly average heat gain and a decrease of 5.8 MWh (26.48%) for the highest. Moreover, the use of a double skin façade led to a reduction in CO2 gas emissions by 20.7% to 21.1% at the Smart & Green Learning Center.
Effect of Coconut Fiber Wall Panels on Humidity Conditions in a Tropical House
Houses in warm and humid tropical regions, like Indonesia, often experience uncomfortable conditions due to high temperatures aggravated by high humidity. With its adsorptive characteristics, natural coconut fiber can be utilized as wall panels and assigned to regulate house humidity levels. Research focusing on investigating the adsorptive capability of the natural coconut fiber in controlling humidity is widely available, but that specifically examines the effect of the surface area of the material on air humidity conditions in humid tropical extant houses is still limited. A field experiment was conducted in a small Surabaya house. The study analyzes the impact of coconut fiber (CF) wall panels on humidity conditions in each house room and the optimal surface area of the wall panels. CF wall panels were found to reduce the indoor relative humidity (RH) significantly. The optimal surface area varied depending on room characteristics. The optimal surface area of the wall panels for the living room is six (6) m² with a 28% RH reduction, for the bedroom is six (6) m² with a 27% reduction, and for the kitchen is five (5) m² with a 27% reduction.
Copyright (c) 2024 DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment)
The Sound Masking Assessment of Recycled Partition
The increasing rate of urbanization leads to more unmanaged waste, currently at 33.08% of 18 million tons per year. This research uses recycled cans as architectural elements to address the acoustic comfort issues in coworking spaces. Some of these studies have also recommended the addition of sound masking elements such as natural sounds, music, and others to enhance workers' productivity. Furthermore, earlier research has experimented with processing waste plastic materials into acoustic elements based on sound absorption theory. The aim of this research is to conduct experiments by using recycled waste cans as an architectural element that can function as sound masking, providing an acoustically comfortable sound range that supports users' well-being. Results show that recycled partitions placed between workers produced a sound intensity level of 57.6 dBA, which is still 7.6 dBA above the comfort threshold.
Post-pandemic Evaluation on Housing and Its Influence on Future Healthy Housing Preferences
Post-COVID-19 pandemic, the topic of healthy housing continues to develop, one of which is related to the mental health of residents. The purpose of this study is to conduct a post-pandemic evaluation on Indonesian residents' housing satisfaction (HS), frequency of activities (FoA) during quarantine, and residents' future housing preferences (HP) that promote positive mental health. This study also tries to see the causal relationship between the variables influencing certain housing preferences. This quantitative study used an online questionnaire to collect and analyze data quantitatively using multivariate regression analysis. The results showed values for housing preferences were higher than housing satisfaction values. The causal relationships with the strongest influences are FoA daily on HP environmental comfort, HS physical space on HP physical space, and HS acoustic & visual comfort on HP semi-outdoor space. In general, HS acoustic & visual comfort and FoA daily were the most influencing on residents' preferences.
Tectonics in Architecture of Tanean Lanjhang and Osing House
This research was initiated by an interest in vernacular architecture, which adapts to fit the changing demands of its inhabitants. Cultural variations and differing population demands can cause spatial planning patterns to vary even within a province or between nearby places. Tectonic formations are produced by the growth of vernacular houses. In addition to understanding the distinctive tectonic structures through the connections of elements in the expanded spaces, this study attempts to identify and classify the spatial arrangement patterns in the vernacular houses of Tanean Lanjhang and Osing. Tanean Lanjhang and Osing buildings are examples of vernacular architecture known as "grow houses," which have horizontal expansion as their principal growth criterion. The two kinds of houses, however, expand in different directions. This research uses qualitative techniques, such as literature reviews on Osing houses and on-site observations of Tanean Lanjhang houses. The results show that the Tanean Lanjhang houses show three orientations of spatial arrangement patterns: expansion in the middle, forward, and backward areas. Osing houses, on the other hand, extend from front to back. Both types of houses have connections built with or without gutters, despite the variations in the connections between each of the elements within them.
Exploration of Homeowners' Perception Towards Green Homes Features
Green homes concept implementation is one of strategies to increase energy and water efficiency in residential buildings. Currently, the concept of green homes has been adopted by the public and promoted by the government because of its benefits. Utilization of green home features is known to benefit the environment and occupants. However, as the number of green home users increases, the adoption acceleration of green home features has barriers. Homeowners' perceptions of green home features determine homeowners' attitudes toward utilizing these features. This research aims to identify the hindering factors of green home feature adoption by exploring homeowners’ perceptions. The green home features such as smart lighting and sensor, energy-efficient labeled appliance, photovoltaic panel, water meters, dual-flush toilet, and rainwater harvesting are reviewed. Data was gathered using an online open questionnaire and analyzed using grounded theory method. Result shows green homes features’ adoption barriers consist of technical aspects, product availability, economics, knowledge, regulation, and motivation.
Daylighting Evaluation of Perforated Screen Façade with Light Shelf in the Tropics
The use of large glass facades in buildings without external shading devices leads to a high daylight level, uneven daylight distribution, and glare. A perforated screen facade (PSF) is one of the shading systems that can provide daylight and view and prevent direct solar radiation into a building. More research is needed about the daylight performance of PSF in integration with daylighting systems in the tropics. A combination of PSF and light shelf (LS), a daylighting system that can redirect daylight to the ceiling and enhance daylight distribution, is proposed to improve daylight levels and reduce glare. The research aims to evaluate the daylight performance of PSF and LS in the tropics. The research method is experimental with simulation utilizing IES-VE Radiance IES. Average Daylight Factor (DFavg), Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI), and Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) of a room with a side window were compared with a room with PSF and LS. The results showed that implementing PSF and LS improved daylight performance by lowering the DFavg by 55%, increasing the UDI, and reducing the DGP.
Passive Design Strategy in Vernacular House of Samin, Indonesia
Vernacular architecture embodies passive design principles and strategies to create comfortable dwellings. This study investigates the impact of passive design strategies on temperature comfort in Samin vernacular houses. Visual observation is employed to assess the suitability of house elements based on passive design criteria. At the same time, field measurements are conducted to evaluate comfortable temperature conditions using data loggers over one month. The research focuses on the Original Samin house and the New Samin house situated in Klopoduwur Village, Blora Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The visual observation reveals that the roof volume, slope, and thin walls with low conductivity in both Samin houses align with passive design principles. The New Samin house also incorporates other passive design strategies, including an east-west building orientation with the long side perpendicular to the wind direction, an open-plan room layout, and varying floor heights. The temperature comfort performance in both houses falls within the neutral temperature range during 16 hours. The New Samin house exhibits the largest daytime air temperature decrease at 5.5°C, while the Original Samin house experiences the largest nighttime decrease at 0.7°C. The evolution of passive designs in Samin vernacular houses encompasses considerations such as building proportion and width, terrace width, positioning and size of window openings, vegetation, and shading elements.
Front Matter (Cover, Editorial, Table of Content)
Dimensi Journal of Architecture and Built Environment
Housing Attribute Preferences in Bandung City
Each generation encounters distinct social, economic, cultural, and techno­logical contexts specific to their era. Moreover, their lifestyles vary, resulting in disparate housing preferences. This study analyzes five housing attribute preferences of Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z: Economic attribute, location and accessibility attribute, physical attribute, environment attribute, and social attribute. The research uses a stated preference approach. The study uses a mixed method and a stated preference approach while collecting data by online questionnaire. Three analytical techniques are employed in this research: correspondence analysis to identify differences in dwelling type preferences among generations, PCA and FA to identify the underlying housing attribute influencing housing preferences, and ANOVA to analyze housing attribute dimensions with significant differences among generations. The analysis result reveals that each generation tends to prefer Landed Housing. The housing attribute dimensions that are the main priority among generations are Utilities, Infrastructure, and Environmental Quality. Meanwhile, significant differences in housing preferences between Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z are found in the space comfort and social interaction dimensions.
Building Mass Optimization to Reduce Solar Radiation in High Rise Building by Using Parametric Approach
Buildings use 40% of global primary energy, therefore their design and use affect climate change. Building performance analysis can assist architects predict performance before construction with parametric design tools. Radiance can be reduced via a parametric mass, lowering cooling load and energy use. The study uses theoretical and computational research to explain, forecast, and analyze events, whereas parametric design optimizes complicated geometries using mathematical parameters and algorithms. Environmental analysis in Grasshopper with the Ladybug plugin uses Rhinoceros. This plugin provides solar radiation, and climate analysis capabilities. To determine the most energy-efficient building design, the research links independent and dependent variables such solar radiation intensity and building mass. The study uses Surabaya weather data and high rise buildings. The land is formed like a square, with a 15-degree slope to the north and is flanked by low-rise buildings. As a result, the location receives the most direct sunlight during the day. Then, solar radiation analysis. It helps optimize passive solar design solutions. According to the modelling results, solar radiation on the top and west sides are particularly large and dominant in 65.37 and 32.69 kWh/m2. Meanwhile, the north, east and south sides receive very little solar radiation. The following simulation considers the optimal direction, which is to extend west-east and face to the south. A multi-towered megastructure is a high-rise building that responds best to solar radiation. The total solar radiation value is 3,718,100 kWh. It can accommodate large spaces with large mass composition but relatively low total solar radiation values. The building towers provide shade to each other, thereby reducing direct radiation from the sun to the building. The sides of the building's podium are also shaded, so the top of the building is partially red.
The Role of Spatial Political Economy in Shaping Urban Design
Like other disciplines, urban design is grounded in substantial theoretical foundations, despite differences among experts. Although urban design has undergone significant transformations over time, the evolving needs of urban spaces have played a critical role in shaping its adaptation. Notably, the theoretical and real objects of urban design—civil society and the public realm—are regarded as superior to those of related fields such as architecture and civil engineering. The development of a robust theoretical foundation for urban design through the lens of spatial political economy, as conceptualized by Alexander Cuthbert, has proven to be highly valuable. Cuthbert identified the integrative knowledge of urban design as the outcome of a coherent foundation that unites both theory and practice. This research adopts a theoretical and fundamental approach, utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and employing content analysis. By examining the evolution of Cuthbert's perspectives, the study seeks to analyze urban design through the framework of spatial political economy. The findings indicate that the dialectical relationship between urban design and Spatial Political Economy (SPE) establishes urban design as a distinct and structured discipline. This mutual dialectic is reflected in the process of place-making, where the production and reproduction of space align with the principles of SPE, and urban design serves as the mechanism for shaping urban spaces. It is clear that urban design stands as its own discipline, without requiring idealizations borrowed from other fields. Spatial Political Economy provides the most comprehensive framework for understanding urban design. Cuthbert’s perspective ultimately fosters a convergence of overlapping ideas, enabling the development of a strong theoretical foundation for urban design that promotes the enhancement of the public realm in cities.
Building Optimisation Vis-À-Vis Solar Shading for Improved Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Classrooms
Excessive solar radiation negatively affects classroom occupants' perfor­mance and thermal comfort, especially in buildings with West and East-facing glazed openings. This study utilises fixed external shading devices and triple-glazed low-emissivity windows to optimise a classroom building in Nigeria. Employing hybrid ventilation mode in EnergyPlus simulations, the optimised model shows a 44% reduction in discomfort hours, a 23% decrease in cooling load, and a 16% drop in energy demand compared to the original design. Comparative analysis of the optimised model with the as-built and West-East oriented classroom reveals a 16% and 10% reduction in energy consumption per conditioned area, along with 56 KWh/m² and 32 KWh/m² savings in cooling demand, respectively. Despite the effectiveness of fixed shading in curbing solar gains, occasional glare persists. This research underscores that shading alone may not fully meet thermal comfort requirements, emphasising the importance of building fabrics, building orientation and climate-sensitive design.
Copyright (c) 2023 DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment)
Youth Appreciation of The Existence of Historical Buildings (Vredeburg Fort)
Yogyakarta is a city that has a diverse history and cultural heritage both physically and non-physically. Physically in the form of buildings - historical heritage buildings such as the Vredeburg Fort building which is one of the relics of VOC colonialism in the city of Yogyakarta since 1765. Now its existence has changed its function to become a historical heritage fort and its presence as a historical heritage building now greatly affects the sense of concern in the current era, especially the younger generation of the current era. As a result, the awareness of knowing and appreciating historical buildings is low due to the advancement of civilisation. The purpose of this research is to explore the perceptions of young people that lead to appreciation of Fort Vredeburg in the current era. The research method applied by conducting observations, data collection and questionnaire interviews. The result of this research is to reveal the form of appreciation from young people's perception towards Fort Vredeburg today.
Daylight Performance of Fiber Optic Daylighting in Deep Plan Office Room
Most buildings have spaces far from the windows that require artificial lighting for illumination throughout the day. In fact, artificial lighting contributes to the second highest electrical energy consumption, especially in educational institutions that require more lighting. One of the appropriate solutions to illuminate areas far from windows is using a fiber optic daylighting system. FOD is used to distribute sunlight into the spaces away from the window. This research tested the lighting levels produced by alternative collector and diffuser models of FOD systems to meet the lighting level standards (lux) in discussion room P. 06. 05. Petra Christian University. This research uses experimental methods under actual weather exposure and simulation with DIALux software. Simulation results show that the room requires 6 collectors and 2 diffusers, arranged centrally and symmetrically. It produces 365 lux and a uniformity ratio of 0.59, which meets the standard. The lighting level data used was at 10:30 AM during partially cloudy conditions.
Implementing Fractal to Define Balinese Traditional Architectural Facade Beauty: The Kori Agung
Fractals have been theoretically used to explain visual beauty from the urban scale to the context of architectural facades. How we perceive the visual beauty of architecture is likely dependent on subjectivity. However, the fractal is applicable for defining visual beauty and as a quantifiable method that provides objectivity for analysis. Previous research has used fractals, particularly in faca­des, to determine the beauty in complex geometry and quantify the complexity. However, the application of fractals in traditional architecture remains to be explored. Therefore, this article will discuss in detail how fractal is a suitable method to study the visual beauty of traditional architectural facades using fractal geometry and fractal dimension index. The case used to illustrate the imple­mentation is Kori Agung of Balinese traditional architecture, known for its grandeur and luxurious facade images. It embodies the visual beauty of its facade due to its textured, layered, and complex visual appearance.
THE USE OF BAMBOO FACADES’ FREQUENCY TO IMPROVE APARTMENT USER’S WELL-BEING
Noise from the road exceeding 40 dB disturbs the room atmosphere and quality of rest in an apartment. The aim of this research will utilize the wind to swing the kinetic facade to create background noise that supports the user's well-being. The aim of this research is to invent a kinetic façade system that supports the apartment user's well-being. To achieve this, the research utilizes wind to blow kinetic facades to produce background noise which also reduces glare from sunlight thereby improving well-being. Experiments were carried out by comparing the results of measuring frequencies of bamboo musical instruments with solfeggio frequencies. The bamboo musical instruments analyzed included 18 angklungs, 3 windchimes and 21 variations of bamboo models. The frequencies obtained by the final model are close to that of solfeggio frequencies, namely 432Hz, 639Hz, 747Hz and 852 Hz. This can reduce Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) by 13.36%, 9.69%, and 5.01%.
ADDITIONAL ROOF VENTILATION TO PRODUCE A STACK EFFECT IN UME KBUBU, THE TRADITIONAL HOUSE OF THE ATONI TRIBE
Indoor air quality affects the health of building users so that every building needs ventilation. The ume kbubu building was built without using ventilation to get warm temperatures in the building but the air quality inside is highly contaminated with carbon dioxide. The addition of roof ventilation is expected to produce a stack effect phenomenon in ume kbubu. The purpose of this research is to measure the level of carbon dioxide in ume kbubu and the speed at which smoke moves out of the building. The method used in this research is computer simulation using CFD software to determine the effectiveness of adding roof ventilation in reducing carbon dioxide levels and simulation without a computer using mock-ups to see the movement of smoke in ume kbubu. The results of this study indicate that the effectiveness of roof ventilation reaches 60% so that the air quality in the ume kbubu room is safer for its users.
Valued Objects Dynamics and Adaptability of Domestic Workspaces
This paper discusses the dynamic value of objects that influence the spatial organization of a home-based workspaces. Spatial organization of workspace at home becomes significant with the emerging work-from-home arrangement during and post COVID-19 pandemic. The physical and psychological needs of working from home require adaptations on the domestic setting through the use and placement of objects in relation to how humans produce and experience space. This paper examines the value mechanism of remote workers with regards to their everyday objects and how such mechanism affects the overall workspace organization them. The study explores the workspace of 3 remote workers with different activities and preferences. The study shows that the dynamic value of objects shapes the workplace arrangements, enabling better accessibility, supporting the need for comfortable and pleasant qualities of space, as well as demonstrating self-identity. The study expands discussions on the spatial adaptation driven by dynamic system of objects.
A REVIEW OF ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF ARCHI-PRENEURSHIP PRACTICE IN NIGERIA
<!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves></w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting></w:TrackFormatting> <w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas></w:ValidateAgainstSchemas> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF></w:DoNotPromoteQF> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables></w:BreakWrappedTables> <w:SnapToGridInCell></w:SnapToGridInCell> <w:WrapTextWithPunct></w:WrapTextWithPunct> <w:UseAsianBreakRules></w:UseAsianBreakRules> <w:DontGrowAutofit></w:DontGrowAutofit> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark></w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning></w:EnableOpenTypeKerning> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents></w:DontFlipMirrorIndents> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps></w:OverrideTableStyleHps> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"></m:mathFont> <m:brkBin m:val="before"></m:brkBin> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"></m:brkBinSub> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"></m:smallFrac> <m:dispDef></m:dispDef> <m:lMargin m:val="0"></m:lMargin> <m:rMargin m:val="0"></m:rMargin> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"></m:defJc> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"></m:wrapIndent> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"></m:intLim> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"></m:naryLim> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false" DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="371"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 7"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 8"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 9"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Indent"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footnote text"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation text"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="header"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footer"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index heading"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="table of figures"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="envelope address"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="envelope return"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footnote reference"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation reference"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="line number"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="page number"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="endnote reference"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="endnote text"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="table of authorities"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="macro"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toa heading"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Closing"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Signature"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Message Header"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Salutation"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Date"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Note Heading"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Block Text"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hyperlink"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="FollowedHyperlink"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Document Map"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="E-mail Signature"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Top of Form"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Bottom of Form"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Acronym"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Address"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Keyboard"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Preformatted"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="No List"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 7"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 8"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 7"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 8"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Contemporary"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Elegant"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Professional"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Balloon Text"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Theme"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"></w:LsdException> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <![endif]--> This article appraises issues and opportunities of architectural entrepreneurship (archi-preneurship) practice in Nigeria. It recognises the relevance of entrepreneurial orientation in the architectural syllabus as a consequence of the emerging issues facing the career path and derived from students' long-term educational needs to prepare them for a successful job in a competitive global economy. Hence, industrialisation, job creation, and poverty alleviation processes are accentuated by entrepreneurship. To find out these issues and opportunities of archi-preneurship, a systematic review approach was adopted to source current relevant data from Academia, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, MDPI, and ResearchGate databases for this study, which focused on programmes relating to the architecture profession that can help entrepreneurs grow and make conclusions. The concepts of entrepreneurship, architecture, and technology were explored. Five specialisation areas that would potentially facilitate entrepreneurial prospects in Nigeria were identified, and the challenges they present to architects. These components include architecture consultation; research and application of building information modeling (BIM) technologies; property development and construction, retrofitting and energy efficiency; sustainable building material science; and urban design. Some available skills architecture graduates could engage in include landscaping, interior design, graphics and animation, project management, architecture blogging, forensic architecture, and building pathology among others. The study outlines different aspects that architects should consider to de-emphasise the hunt for non-existent office employment and embrace self-occupation. Also, more entrepreneurial training skills and development programmes should be established, as well as a reassessment of the present syllabi to instill business knowledge at all stages of architecture education.
The Performance of Bamboo Truss with Gapit Form Under Vertical Loads
The connection in bamboo construction is frequently the weakest point. This research discusses the performance of the gapit form on bamboo truss that effectively optimises the bamboo's inherent strength and can sustain vertical loads. Gapit is a connection form where a member is located between two members which also serves as a construction reinforcement. This truss optimizes the strength of whole bamboo with a total span of 4 meters and height of 2 meters. The gapit form applied at the top chord member, bracing member, and "V" support and column connections which are strengthen with bolts on the bamboo node. This research uses a quantitative method where data collection is taken through an experiment. To test the strength of the truss, a vertical hydraulic compression test was conducted. It was found that the truss can withstand a maximum load of up to 8.72 kN, with a truss decline of 7.27 cm, and a shift of 2 cm. As a result, the use of the gapit form on the truss is considered effective in withstanding large vertical loads.
STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS TO ACHIEVE THERMAL COMFORT IN AN EDUCATIONAL BUILDING
This paper evaluates natural ventilation effectiveness in one fully dependent Air Conditioned-Educational Building in Depok to recommend potential passive cooling approaches toward user thermal comfort. This study involves building surveys to measure the temperature and humidity of three selected classrooms, A, B, and C, with varying configurations and capacities. Airflow simulation using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is done under two conditions: open and closed doors. A set of parameters, which are room configuration, type of window, and ventilation strategy, are set to evaluate natural ventilation aspects. The site survey indicates that only one classroom with an area of 92 sqm facing to the southside is classified as efficiently warm (Room A). The simulation demonstrates that cross-ventilation only occurs when the door is opened. The parameters indicating shape, dimension, type, and area of natural ventilation matter, show that the building’s natural ventilation is ineffective in providing thermal comfort. This study recommends that the building’s natural ventilation be placed according to the direction of the airflow, adding vertical fin elements, and increasing the openings by more than 5% area from the floor area.
THE EFFECTS STREET-NETWORK CONFIGURATION IN MODELLING WALKABILITY THROUGH SPACE SYNTAX
This study investigates street network connectivity in an informal settlement, Kampong Taman Sari, Bandung. It generally refers to the informal residential area with minimum facilities and urban services. The majority of these settlements depict irregular patterns and narrow paths or alleys. Thus, kampong inhabitants mainly rely on walking, biking, and riding motorcycles to access vital urban features and functions. This purpose study is to examine the potential connectivity not only for accessibility but also for evacuation movement in an informal settlement. This investigation also aims to understand an associative relation between street-network configuration and informal settlement patterns with the probability distribution of pedestrian movement. This study utilizes computational street network analysis through the space syntax method that consists of two distinctive evaluations, such as axial analysis and visual graph analysis. The following result depicts the spatial accessibility, integration, permeability, walkability, and connectivity based on this relation. Experimenting in modelling a walkable kampong in the urban environment will conduce to urban design qualities of the street environment and street network layout for pedestrians or users.
DECONSTRUCTION CONCEPT DESIGN OF EXHIBITION CENTER IN DEPOK CITY WITH DISJUNCTION INTERPRETATION
Contemporary urban condition always evoke a series of impressive artistic architectural responses with an understanding that is no longer interested in unity, but also accepts the fragmentation of certain elements. When considering contemporary problem-solving efforts with design-based responses, it will also link design with research to find out solutions. This research focuses on conveying critical reflections on how to interpret the deconstruction concept design of Exhibition Center in Depok City by questioning the new design definition based on research by design. The understanding of the deconstruction concept uses Bernard Tschumi's disjunction theory as a methodological process based on the visualization exploration. Disjunction interpretation helped to define the new Exhibition Center design in Depok City as urban generator. It is hoped that this research would be beneficial in guiding to considering the "built language" of design as an act of research that are open to possibilities based on thought and experience.
Copyright (c) 2022 DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment)
INTEGRATION ANALYSIS OF THERMAL AND DAYLIGHT PERFORMANCE THROUGH THE BUILDING ENVELOPE
Several strategies in reducing external heat gain sometimes have an impact on limited access to daylight in buildings. Therefore, an integrated study is needed between thermal and daylight performance of the building. This research focuses on building modeling and simulation on one of the buildings at UIN Walisongo Semarang to see these two parameters based on Standard Nasional Indonesia. The thermal performance through OTTV value is simulated using EnergyPlus, while the building daylight is simulated using Dialux. The existing condition showed that the thermal performance is not fully integrated with the building natural lighting. Further simulation is needed through the building envelope engineering. The results showed that the entire room has met the standard of natural lighting while maintaining the OTTV value according to the standard. This condition is the optimal point which represents the integration between thermal and daylight performance of the building.
MATERIALISE THIRDSPACE THROUGH SOCIO-SPATIAL INTEGRATION (Cases of Study: Thamrin 10, Jalan H. Agus Salim, Jalan Percetakan Negara, and Jalan Kramat Raya)
Urban informality is a phenomenon of everyday life in Jakarta but has not been extensively discussed, especially in spatial design practice. Previous study shows that informal space in the city is shaped by economic activities and urban opportunities heavily influence the flow of urbanisation in Indonesia. The study aims to examine the materialisation of Thirdspace through the forms of socio-spatial integration using Henri Lefebvre’s Production of Space (1991) and Edward Soja’s Thirdspace (2010). The use of theory connects the case study with other bodies of work in architecture that are looking to develop understandings of how spatial, social, and other urban contexts might be challenged and intertwined in urban informality. Using their respective body of work, the study is conducted in the four selected objects of study: Thamrin 10, Jalan H. Agus Salim, Jalan Percetakan Negara, and Jalan Kramat Raya. The findings reveal that the concrete abstraction of Thirdspace emerges in everyday life through urban informality, materialised by informal actors. The materialisation of Thirdspace is possible due to (1) participation of informal actors, (2) space occupied by informal actors, and (3) activities conducted by informal actors. As abstraction will become true in practice, socio-spatial integration of urban informality is an abstraction that becomes true through social and spatial practice.
AIRFLOW EVALUATION IN CLASSROOM DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
The COVID-19 pandemic that hit Indonesia caused transition of the education process to online in 2020. The government seeks to improve the quality of student education in this pandemic era by preparing limited face-to-face learning. It is crucial to conduct a study on air because it is one of the mediums used to transfer viruses. This research took one sample of a classroom at SDN 27 North Pontianak. This research uses a Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation to display the air flow conditions of a room. The results showed that the fastest wind speed in the class ranged from 0.12 m/s to 0.44 m/s with green, yellow and red parameter color. The slowest wind speed was 0.01 m/s to 0.12 m/s with blue and green parameter color. The parameter shows levels are within limits suggested by ASHRAE and the effect of the availability of smooth air circulation for the classroom and stable air change. They were limiting the virus ability to spread by improving airflow. Rapid air exchange in the classroom lowers the risk of infection for students and teaching staff.
STUDY OF HORIZONTAL LIGHT PIPE WITH DYNAMIC REFLECTOR IN THE TROPICS
Horizontal light pipe (HLP) is a sustainable strategy for improving daylighting quality in buildings. The reflector is one of the HLP elements that collect and direct the incoming light in the pipe. Several reflector studies of HLP systems have been carried out in the last three decades under specific sunlight conditions at certain altitudes and azimuths or static conditions. This study proposes a dynamic reflector model in response to the movement of the sun angle. This study aimed to examine the impact of the dynamic reflector tilt angle on improving the quality of light by adapting the sun angle. The method used is an experimental simulation using IESVE software. This research is located in Surabaya, with a tropics climate. The results showed that modifying the reflector to be dynamic could increase the illuminance levels up to 29.9%, daylight factor values ​​up to 29.2%, and uniformity ratio values ​​up to 33.3%.
BALCONY GEOMETRIES PERFORMANCE AS WINDCARRIERS INTO LIVING SPACE ; CASE STUDY: APARNA SIWALANKERTO
In majority, housing flats use natural ventilation to cope with humid tropical climate in Indonesia, which requires airflow to achieve thermal comfort. One of the potential architectural element in delivering air into the living space of vertical buildings is balcony. But in reality, balconies in Indonesian housing flats are only functioning as façades, and have not optimized their potential as windcarriers, which partially cause air discomfort in living space. This study examines the performance of balcony geometries as windcarriers into living space through simulation by Ansys Workbench CFX 2021 on Aparna Siwalankerto as a case study. It was found that balcony with more well-ordered wind receiving planes could carry wind into the living space best, in terms of both speed and distribution, as such in this study was the symmetric pentagonal balcony. Still, between the two aspects, wind distribution determines balconies performance, rather than wind speed.
URBAN RESILIENCE: HOW TO APPLY IN THE PLANNING AND DESIGN PRACTICE?
This paper aims to explore the advocacy of how urban resilience should be put into the discourse of planning and design practice, especially the standing of the concept within planning theory. The study is conducted through a literature review with objectives among others: (1) to get the insight of what is urban resilience concept and how it has been used in the context of the urban and regional system? and (2) to elaborate the potential of urban resilience concept be used in the planning and design practice through the perspective of planning theory. The initial result of the study concludes that the urban resilience concept has the potential to reframe the perspective of planning theory that has been applied nowadays particularly the theory of planning and theory in planning with the emergence of so-called transformative and recovery planning.